Publications

Publications around Extended Matrix.

Five threads make up the published record of EM: the foundational papers that define the method; the framework & tools papers that document the surrounding software; the software releases you can cite as DOIs; the applications in which EM was used on real archaeological sites; and the theses that picked EM as their methodological backbone. For citation guidance when you use EM in your own work, see the Citing EM page.

Foundational

Papers that define the Extended Matrix method, framework, and extensions.

2015 EM 1.0 flag Foundation paper

Archaeological stratigraphy as a formal language for virtual reconstruction. Theory and practice.

Demetrescu, E.

Journal of Archaeological Science, 57, 42–55

The original paper introducing Extended Matrix as a formal language for transparent virtual reconstruction in archaeology.

DOI

BibTeX

@article{demetrescu2015em,
  author  = {Demetrescu, Emanuel},
  title   = {Archaeological stratigraphy as a formal language for virtual reconstruction. Theory and practice},
  journal = {Journal of Archaeological Science},
  volume  = {57},
  pages   = {42--55},
  year    = {2015},
  doi     = {10.1016/j.jas.2015.02.004},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2015.02.004}
}

2026

Digital Replicas and 3D Virtual Reconstructions for Large Excavations in Urban Archaeology: Methods, Tools, and Techniques Drawn from the "Metro C" Case Study in Rome

Demetrescu, E.; Ferdani, D.; Fanini, B.; D'Annibale, E.; Berto, S.; Morretta, S.; Rea, R.

Remote Sensing, 18(2), 203

Methods paper grounded in the Amba Aradam / Metro C case study. Defines a texture-density standard (1.26 mm²/texel) and the temporal-integration workflow for multi-campaign urban excavations.

DOI

BibTeX

@article{Demetrescu2026_metroC,
  author  = {Demetrescu, Emanuel and Ferdani, Daniele and Fanini, Bruno and D'Annibale, Enzo and Berto, Simone and Morretta, Simona and Rea, Rossella},
  title   = {Digital Replicas and 3D Virtual Reconstructions for Large Excavations in Urban Archaeology: Methods, Tools, and Techniques Drawn from the Metro C Case Study in Rome},
  journal = {Remote Sensing},
  volume  = {18},
  number  = {2},
  pages   = {203},
  year    = {2026},
  doi     = {10.3390/rs18020203}
}

2024

Towards the definition of Transformation Stratigraphic Unit (TSU) as new section of the extended matrix methodology

Scopinaro, E.; Demetrescu, E.; Berto, S.

Acta IMEKO, 13(3), 1–9

Introduces the Transformation Stratigraphic Unit (TSU) as a new section of EM, extending stratigraphic reasoning to degradation and alteration phenomena. Tested on S. Pietro in Segni.

DOI

BibTeX

@article{Scopinaro2024_TSU,
  author  = {Scopinaro, Eleonora and Demetrescu, Emanuel and Berto, Simone},
  title   = {Towards the definition of Transformation Stratigraphic Unit (TSU) as new section of the extended matrix methodology},
  journal = {Acta IMEKO},
  volume  = {13},
  number  = {3},
  pages   = {1--9},
  year    = {2024},
  doi     = {10.21014/actaimeko.v13i3.1830}
}

2022

MS37 Unified CIDOC CRM mapping of the Extended Matrix and the LOD scenario

Schmidle, W.; Demetrescu, E.; Giovannini, E.C.

SSHOC project deliverable, Zenodo

SSHOC deliverable on mapping the EM data model to CIDOC CRM (and CRMarchaeo) for Linked Open Data interoperability. The reference for the long-term CIDOC-S3D extension.
DOI
BibTeX
```
@techreport{Schmidle2022_cidocCRMmapping,
  author      = {Schmidle, Wolfgang and Demetrescu, Emanuel and Giovannini, Elisabetta Caterina},
  title       = {MS37 Unified CIDOC CRM mapping of the Extended Matrix and the LOD scenario},
  institution = {SSHOC},
  year        = {2022},
  doi         = {10.5281/zenodo.6794671}
}
```

2021 EM 1.2 flag

From Field Archaeology to Virtual Reconstruction: A Five Steps Method Using the Extended Matrix

Demetrescu, E.; Ferdani, D.

Applied Sciences, 11(11), 5206

Codifies the EM application protocol into five sequential steps from fieldwork to scientific publication. The methods section defines EM 1.2.

DOI

BibTeX

@article{Demetrescu2021_fiveSteps,
  author  = {Demetrescu, Emanuel and Ferdani, Daniele},
  title   = {From Field Archaeology to Virtual Reconstruction: A Five Steps Method Using the Extended Matrix},
  journal = {Applied Sciences},
  volume  = {11},
  number  = {11},
  pages   = {5206},
  year    = {2021},
  doi     = {10.3390/app11115206}
}

2018

Virtual Reconstruction as a Scientific Tool: The Extended Matrix and Source-Based Modelling Approach

Demetrescu, E.

in Münster et al. (eds), Digital Research and Education in Architectural Heritage, Springer, 102–116

Theoretical positioning of EM against the black-box and palimpsest effects in virtual archaeology, framed around source-based modelling.

DOI

BibTeX

@incollection{Demetrescu2018_sourceBased,
  author    = {Demetrescu, Emanuel},
  title     = {Virtual Reconstruction as a Scientific Tool: The Extended Matrix and Source-Based Modelling Approach},
  booktitle = {Digital Research and Education in Architectural Heritage},
  publisher = {Springer},
  pages     = {102--116},
  year      = {2018},
  doi       = {10.1007/978-3-319-76992-9}
}

2017 EM 1.1 flag

A white-box framework to oversee archaeological virtual reconstructions in space and time: Methods and tools

Demetrescu, E.; Fanini, B.

Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 14, 500–514

Introduces the Extended Matrix Framework (EMF) — the visual and computational layer that turns the EM language into queryable 3D scenes. Validated on the Great Temple of Sarmizegetusa.
DOI
BibTeX
```
@article{Demetrescu2017_whiteBox,
  author  = {Demetrescu, Emanuel and Fanini, Bruno},
  title   = {A white-box framework to oversee archaeological virtual reconstructions in space and time: Methods and tools},
  journal = {Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports},
  volume  = {14},
  pages   = {500--514},
  year    = {2017},
  doi     = {10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.06.034}
}
```

Framework & tools

Papers about the EM software ecosystem — Tools, Manager, EMviq, interop.

2024

Extended Matrix Manager: an open tool for EM based knowledge graphs management

Berto, S.; Demetrescu, E.; Cocca, E.

Archeologia e Calcolatori, 35(2), 167–176

Introduces EM Manager — a Python standalone that converts tabular input into an Extended Matrix, helping users cover one or more of the seven EM key roles.

DOI

BibTeX

@article{Berto2024_emManager,
  author  = {Berto, Simone and Demetrescu, Emanuel and Cocca, Enzo},
  title   = {Extended Matrix Manager: an open tool for EM based knowledge graphs management},
  journal = {Archeologia e Calcolatori},
  volume  = {35},
  number  = {2},
  pages   = {167--176},
  year    = {2024},
  doi     = {10.19282/ac.35.2.2024.18}
}

2023 EM 1.3 flag

An Online Dissemination Workflow for the Scientific Process in CH through Semantic 3D: EMtools and EMviq Open Source Tools

Demetrescu, E.; Fanini, B.; Cocca, E.

Heritage, 6(2), 1264–1276

Documents EMtools (Blender add-on) and EMviq (online WebXR viewer) at version 1.3.1 — the open-source toolchain for semantic enrichment, source-based 3D modelling, and immersive inspection.
DOI
BibTeX
```
@article{Demetrescu2023_emtoolsEmviq,
  author  = {Demetrescu, Emanuel and Fanini, Bruno and Cocca, Enzo},
  title   = {An Online Dissemination Workflow for the Scientific Process in CH through Semantic 3D: EMtools and EMviq Open Source Tools},
  journal = {Heritage},
  volume  = {6},
  number  = {2},
  pages   = {1264--1276},
  year    = {2023},
  doi     = {10.3390/heritage6020069}
}
```

2019

Carving time and space: A mutual stimulation of IT and archaeology to craft multidimensional VR data-inspection

Fanini, B.; Demetrescu, E.

Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 919, 553–565

Connects EM with immersive VR data-inspection — graph-based formalism for 3D hypothesis creation and multitemporal visualization in cultural heritage.

DOI

BibTeX

@incollection{Fanini2019_carvingTimeSpace,
  author    = {Fanini, Bruno and Demetrescu, Emanuel},
  title     = {Carving time and space: A mutual stimulation of IT and archaeology to craft multidimensional VR data-inspection},
  booktitle = {Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing},
  volume    = {919},
  pages     = {553--565},
  year      = {2019},
  doi       = {10.1007/978-3-030-12240-9_58}
}

Software releases

Citable software DOIs — for when you want to cite the code itself rather than a paper.

2022 EM 1.2.0

ExtendedMatrix v.1.2.0

Demetrescu, E.

Software release on Zenodo

DOI

BibTeX

@software{Demetrescu2022_em120,
  author    = {Demetrescu, Emanuel},
  title     = {ExtendedMatrix: v.1.2.0},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2022},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.5957495}
}

2022 EM 1.3.2

ExtendedMatrix v.1.3.2

Demetrescu, E.

Software release on Zenodo

DOI

BibTeX

@software{Demetrescu2022_em132,
  author    = {Demetrescu, Emanuel},
  title     = {ExtendedMatrix: v.1.3.2},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2022},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.7543331}
}

2017 EM 1.1.0

ExtendedMatrix v.1.1.0

Demetrescu, E.

Software release on Zenodo

DOI

BibTeX

@software{Demetrescu2017_em110,
  author    = {Demetrescu, Emanuel},
  title     = {ExtendedMatrix: v.1.1.0},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2017},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.5957262}
}

2015 EM 1.0.0

ExtendedMatrix v.1.0.0

Demetrescu, E.

Software release on Zenodo

Citable archive of the first public release of Extended Matrix.

DOI

BibTeX

@software{Demetrescu2015_em100,
  author    = {Demetrescu, Emanuel},
  title     = {ExtendedMatrix: v.1.0.0},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2015},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.5957133}
}

Applications

Case studies and reconstructions published by the EM community.

2026

Documentation of the virtual reconstruction of La Ciudadela, La Quemada, Zacatecas, Mexico

Dueñas García, M.; Torreblanca Padilla, C.A.

Digital Applications in Archaeology and Cultural Heritage, 40, e00506

EM coupled with an evidence-visualization rubric to make evidential support legible in the reconstruction of La Ciudadela at La Quemada — pre-Hispanic Mexico.

DOI

BibTeX

@article{Duenas2026_laCiudadela,
  author  = {Due{\\~n}as Garc{\\'i}a, Manuel and Torreblanca Padilla, Carlos A.},
  title   = {Documentation of the virtual reconstruction of La Ciudadela, La Quemada, Zacatecas, Mexico},
  journal = {Digital Applications in Archaeology and Cultural Heritage},
  volume  = {40},
  pages   = {e00506},
  year    = {2026},
  doi     = {10.1016/j.daach.2026.e00506}
}

2025

From Earth to Interface: Towards a 3D Semantic Virtual Stratigraphy of the Funerary Ara of Ofilius Ianuarius from the Via Appia Antica 39 Burial Complex

Lombardi, M.; Dubbini, R.

Heritage, 8(8), 305

Integrated study of the funerary ara of Ofilius Ianuarius via two complementary EM-based workflows (EMF / EMviq and a CRMArcheo annotation track exported to ATON).

DOI

BibTeX

@article{Lombardi2025_funeraryAra,
  author  = {Lombardi, Matteo and Dubbini, Rachele},
  title   = {From Earth to Interface: Towards a 3D Semantic Virtual Stratigraphy of the Funerary Ara of Ofilius Ianuarius from the Via Appia Antica 39 Burial Complex},
  journal = {Heritage},
  volume  = {8},
  number  = {8},
  pages   = {305},
  year    = {2025},
  doi     = {10.3390/heritage8080305}
}

2025

Transforming Heritage Research in a Transforming World: 5th CAA-GR Conference 2024

Pavlidis, G.; Sylaiou, S. (eds.)

Springer Nature Switzerland (conference proceedings)

Edited volume of the 5th CAA-GR Conference 2024 — gathers heritage-research contributions including Extended Matrix-based reconstructions and methodological reflections.
DOI
BibTeX
```
@book{Pavlidis2025_caaGr2024,
  title     = {Transforming Heritage Research in a Transforming World: 5th CAA-GR Conference 2024},
  editor    = {Pavlidis, George and Sylaiou, Stella},
  publisher = {Springer Nature Switzerland},
  year      = {2025},
  doi       = {10.1007/978-3-032-06389-2}
}
```
2024

Priene, a Monumental Disaster in the Aegean: Digital Approaches to the Doric Stoa's and the Theater's Lost Evidence

Giovannini, E.C.; Verdiani, G.; Cardinali, V.

Heritage, 7(8), 4538–4561

Methodological / interdisciplinary digital reconstruction of two monumental buildings (Doric Stoa near the Temple of Athena Polias, and the Theater) at the Aegean city of Priene, with Extended Matrix supporting the source-based reasoning.
DOI
BibTeX
```
@article{Giovannini2024_priene,
  author  = {Giovannini, Elisabetta Caterina and Verdiani, Giorgio and Cardinali, Vieri},
  title   = {Priene, a Monumental Disaster in the Aegean: Digital Approaches to the Doric Stoa's and the Theater's Lost Evidence},
  journal = {Heritage},
  volume  = {7},
  number  = {8},
  pages   = {4538--4561},
  year    = {2024},
  doi     = {10.3390/heritage7080214}
}
```

2023

HBIM and Extended Matrix for the archaeological reconstruction of the excavated medieval contexts: the case of the castle of Monteforte Irpino (AV)

Abate, N.; Prodomo, M.; Frisetti, A.; Masini, N.

Proceedings of the IMEKO TC-4 Int. Conf. on Metrology for Archaeology and Cultural Heritage, 360–364

EM-driven HBIM approach to the medieval castle of Monteforte Irpino — UAS and ground photogrammetry feeding into an open-source EM toolchain.

DOI

BibTeX

@inproceedings{Abate2023_monteforteIrpino,
  author    = {Abate, Nicodemo and Prodomo, Mariano and Frisetti, Alessia and Masini, Nicola},
  title     = {HBIM and Extended Matrix for the archaeological reconstruction of the excavated medieval contexts: the case of the castle of Monteforte Irpino (AV)},
  booktitle = {IMEKO TC-4 Int. Conf. on Metrology for Archaeology and Cultural Heritage},
  pages     = {360--364},
  publisher = {IMEKO},
  year      = {2023},
  doi       = {10.21014/tc4-ARC-2022.068}
}

2023

E-Archeo Project: The 3D Reconstruction of the Roman Villae in Sirmione and Desenzano (Brescia, Italy)

Basso, P.; Bianchi, B.; Bursich, D.; Delbarba, N.; Marinello, A.; Soriano, F.

Applied System Innovation, 6(3), 59

EM as the scientific back-end for the virtual reconstruction of two Roman villas in Sirmione and Desenzano, within the MIC-commissioned E-Archeo project.

DOI

BibTeX

@article{Basso2023_eArcheo,
  author  = {Basso, Patrizia and Bianchi, Barbara and Bursich, Daniele and Delbarba, Nicola and Marinello, Alessandra and Soriano, Fiammetta},
  title   = {E-Archeo Project: The 3D Reconstruction of the Roman Villae in Sirmione and Desenzano (Brescia, Italy)},
  journal = {Applied System Innovation},
  volume  = {6},
  number  = {3},
  pages   = {59},
  year    = {2023},
  doi     = {10.3390/asi6030059}
}

2023

e-Archeo: a pilot national project to valorize Italian archaeological parks through digital and virtual reality technologies

Pietroni, E.; Menconero, S.; Botti, C.; Ghedini, F.

Pilot national project (MiC + ALES + CNR-ISPC + 10 universities + RAI) valorising 8 Italian archaeological sites — Extended Matrix as the scientific back-end across the participating teams.
BibTeX
```
@article{Pietroni2023_eArcheoPilot,
  author = {Pietroni, Eva and Menconero, Sofia and Botti, Carolina and Ghedini, Francesca},
  title  = {e-Archeo: A Pilot National Project to Valorize Italian Archaeological Parks through Digital and Virtual Reality Technologies},
  year   = {2023}
}
```

2023

Multispectral UAV Data and GPR Survey for Archeological Anomaly Detection Supporting 3D Reconstruction

Ronchi, D.; Limongiello, M.; Demetrescu, E.; Ferdani, D.

Sensors, 23(5), 2769

Reconciling UAV multispectral, GPR and excavation data through EM at the Tres Tabernae site — a five-year multidisciplinary investigation near Rome.

DOI

BibTeX

@article{Ronchi2023_multispectralUAV,
  author  = {Ronchi, Diego and Limongiello, Marco and Demetrescu, Emanuel and Ferdani, Daniele},
  title   = {Multispectral UAV Data and GPR Survey for Archeological Anomaly Detection Supporting 3D Reconstruction},
  journal = {Sensors},
  volume  = {23},
  number  = {5},
  pages   = {2769},
  year    = {2023},
  doi     = {10.3390/s23052769}
}

2023

The Virtual Reconstruction of the Cine-teatro Olympia in Catania for the Documentation and Memory of Places

Rizzo, C.; Galizia, M.; Santagati, C.

Springer book chapter, pages 39–56

Virtual reconstruction of the Cine-teatro Olympia in Catania (Sicily) — application of source-based reconstruction methodology in the Extended Matrix tradition to a 20th-century cultural-heritage site.
BibTeX
```
@incollection{Rizzo2023_cineTeatroOlympia,
  author    = {Rizzo, Carmela and Galizia, Mariateresa and Santagati, Cettina},
  title     = {The Virtual Reconstruction of the Cine-teatro Olympia in Catania for the Documentation and Memory of Places},
  pages     = {39--56},
  publisher = {Springer},
  year      = {2023}
}
```
2023

Application of new technologies for the graphic and constructive analysis and dissemination of the archaeological heritage of Mérida, Spain

Rueda Márquez de la Plata, A.; Cruz Franco, P.A.; Ramos Sánchez, J.A.

Springer book chapter, pages 71–89

Chapter on the application of digital technologies for graphic and constructive analysis of the archaeological heritage of Mérida (Roman Emerita Augusta), using methodology aligned with the Extended Matrix tradition.
BibTeX
```
@incollection{RuedaMarquez2023_merida,
  author    = {Rueda M{\\'a}rquez de la Plata, Adela and Cruz Franco, Pablo Alejandro and Ramos S{\\'a}nchez, Jorge Alberto},
  title     = {Application of New Technologies for the Graphic and Constructive Analysis and Dissemination of the Archaeological Heritage of M{\\'e}rida, Spain},
  pages     = {71--89},
  publisher = {Springer},
  year      = {2023}
}
```
2022

La 'fine' ed un nuovo inizio: il Metaverso in archeologia

Bertoldi, S.; Mariotti, S.

in *The Past as a Digital Playground: Archaeology, Virtual Reality and Video Games*, Archaeopress, p. 114

Contribution on the role of the Metaverse in archaeology, framed in the Extended Matrix lineage of source-based virtual reconstruction and immersive paradata visualisation.
BibTeX
```
@article{Bertoldi2022_metaversoArcheologia,
  author    = {Bertoldi, Stefano and Mariotti, Samanta},
  title     = {La ``fine'' ed un nuovo inizio: il Metaverso in archeologia},
  journal   = {The Past as a Digital Playground: Archaeology, Virtual Reality and Video Games},
  pages     = {114},
  publisher = {Archaeopress Publishing Ltd},
  year      = {2022}
}
```
2022

Bridging Digital Approaches and Legacy in Archaeology

Katsianis, M.; Kalayci, T.; Sarris, A.

MDPI (collection editorial)

Editorial framing the bridge between legacy archaeological data and contemporary digital approaches — frequently cited in EM-track discussions of source-based traceability.
BibTeX
```
@misc{Katsianis2022_bridgingDigitalLegacy,
  author    = {Katsianis, Markos and Kalayci, Tuna and Sarris, Apostolos},
  title     = {Bridging Digital Approaches and Legacy in Archaeology},
  publisher = {MDPI},
  year      = {2022}
}
```
2022

Prefazione — Una Quantum 2021

Rosati, P.; Casadei, E.; et al.

in *Una Quantum 2021*, Archeoares, pp. 5–7

Preface to the *Una Quantum 2021* volume — contextualises the open-source/open-science movement in Italian archaeology, where Extended Matrix sits as a flagship instance.
BibTeX
```
@incollection{Rosati2022_unaQuantumPrefazione,
  author    = {Rosati, Paolo and Casadei, Eloisa and others},
  title     = {Prefazione --- Una Quantum 2021},
  pages     = {5--7},
  publisher = {Archeoares},
  year      = {2022}
}
```

2021

Analysis and Validation of the 3D Reconstructive Process through the Extended Matrix Framework of the Temple of the Roman Forum of Nora (Sardinia, CA)

Berto, S.; Demetrescu, E.; Fanini, B.; Bonetto, J.; Salemi, G.

Environmental Sciences Proceedings, 10(1), 18

Application of the EM Framework (EMF) to the 3D reconstruction of the temple on the Roman forum of Nora — mapping, validation, 3D data management, and online sharing of outcomes.

DOI

BibTeX

@article{Berto2021_noraTemple,
  author  = {Berto, Simone and Demetrescu, Emanuel and Fanini, Bruno and Bonetto, Jacopo and Salemi, Giuseppe},
  title   = {Analysis and Validation of the 3D Reconstructive Process through the Extended Matrix Framework of the Temple of the Roman Forum of Nora (Sardinia, CA)},
  journal = {Environmental Sciences Proceedings},
  volume  = {10},
  number  = {1},
  pages   = {18},
  year    = {2021},
  doi     = {10.3390/environsciproc2021010018}
}

2021

The Roman Villa of L'Albir (Alicante, Spain): The Use of Blender and the Extended Matrix in the Virtual Recreation

Molina, J.; Frias, C.; Munoz, J.; Fabregat, L.; Martin, A.; Tajerina, D.

Archeomatica, 13(3)

Virtual reconstruction of the Roman villa of L'Albir (Alicante, Spain) using Blender and the Extended Matrix workflow.

BibTeX

@article{Molina2021_albirVilla,
  author  = {Molina, Jaime and Frias, Carolina and Munoz, Javier and Fabregat, Laia and Martin, Alejandro and Tajerina, Daniel},
  title   = {The Roman Villa of L'Albir (Alicante, Spain): The Use of Blender and the Extended Matrix in the Virtual Recreation},
  journal = {Archeomatica},
  volume  = {13},
  number  = {3},
  year    = {2021}
}

2021

Combination of standardised methods to create a detailed source-based reconstruction of the Tepidarium at L'Alcudia de Elche, Alicante, Spain

Gonzalez-Esteban, C.

Archeomatica, 13(3)

Detailed source-based virtual reconstruction of the Tepidarium of La Alcudia (Elche), combining standardised reconstruction methodologies anchored on Extended Matrix.
BibTeX
```
@article{GonzalezEsteban2021_alcudiaTepidarium,
  author  = {Gonzalez-Esteban, Cristina},
  title   = {Combination of standardised methods to create a detailed source-based reconstruction of the Tepidarium at L'Alcudia de Elche, Alicante, Spain},
  journal = {Archeomatica},
  volume  = {13},
  number  = {3},
  year    = {2021}
}
```

2021

Visualizing archaeologists: a reflexive history of visualization practice in archaeology

Opgenhaffen, L.

Open Archaeology, 7(1), 353–377

Reflexive history of visualisation practice in archaeology. Cited alongside the Extended Matrix tradition in the conversation about why source-based, traceable 3D reconstruction matters.

BibTeX

@article{Opgenhaffen2021_visualizingArchaeologists,
  author    = {Opgenhaffen, Loes},
  title     = {Visualizing archaeologists: a reflexive history of visualization practice in archaeology},
  journal   = {Open Archaeology},
  volume    = {7},
  number    = {1},
  pages     = {353--377},
  publisher = {De Gruyter},
  year      = {2021}
}

2021

Virtual archaeology of death and burial: a procedure for integrating 3D visualization and analysis in archaeothanatology

Mickleburgh, H.L.; Stutz, L.N.; Fokkens, H.

Open Archaeology, 7(1), 540–555

Procedure for integrating 3D visualisation + analysis in archaeothanatology — Extended Matrix-adjacent methodology for the specialised domain of death-and-burial archaeology.

BibTeX

@article{Mickleburgh2021_archaeothanatology,
  author    = {Mickleburgh, Hayley L. and Stutz, Liv Nilsson and Fokkens, Harry},
  title     = {Virtual archaeology of death and burial: a procedure for integrating 3D visualization and analysis in archaeothanatology},
  journal   = {Open Archaeology},
  volume    = {7},
  number    = {1},
  pages     = {540--555},
  publisher = {De Gruyter},
  year      = {2021}
}

2020

Il rilievo tridimensionale applicato allo studio dei contesti archeologici di Nora

Berto, S.

Quaderni Norensi, 8, 287–292

Application of 3D survey + Extended Matrix to the archaeological contexts of Nora (Sardinia) — early instalment of the Nora reconstruction line that later produced the 2021 EMF temple paper and the 2022 PhD thesis.
BibTeX
```
@article{Berto2020_noraRilievo,
  author    = {Berto, Simone},
  title     = {Il rilievo tridimensionale applicato allo studio dei contesti archeologici di Nora},
  journal   = {Quaderni Norensi},
  volume    = {8},
  pages     = {287--292},
  publisher = {Padova University Press},
  year      = {2020}
}
```

2020

3D reconstruction and validation of historical background for immersive VR applications and games: the case study of the Forum of Augustus in Rome

Ferdani, D.; Fanini, B.; Piccioli, M.C.; Carboni, F.; Vigliarolo, P.

Journal of Cultural Heritage, 43, 129–143

Forum of Augustus reconstruction validated through the Extended Matrix paradata pipeline and deployed in an immersive-VR application — bridge between method and public engagement.

BibTeX

@article{Ferdani2020_forumAugustus,
  author    = {Ferdani, Daniele and Fanini, Bruno and Piccioli, Maria Claudia and Carboni, Fabiana and Vigliarolo, Paolo},
  title     = {3D reconstruction and validation of historical background for immersive VR applications and games: The case study of the Forum of Augustus in Rome},
  journal   = {Journal of Cultural Heritage},
  volume    = {43},
  pages     = {129--143},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  year      = {2020}
}

2020

3D model as a time machine

Pimpaud, A.-B.

in a Hermann-published volume, pages 105–120

Chapter on the temporal/diachronic potential of 3D reconstruction models — surfaces the EM tradition's argument that paradata + time-aware metadata turn 3D into knowledge representation.
BibTeX
```
@incollection{Pimpaud2020_3dTimeMachine,
  author    = {Pimpaud, Alban-Brice},
  title     = {3D model as a time machine},
  pages     = {105--120},
  publisher = {Hermann},
  year      = {2020}
}
```

2019

Rethinking GIS, three-dimensionality and space perception in archaeology

Landeschi, G.

World Archaeology, 51(1), 17–32

Reflection on the role of GIS and three-dimensionality in archaeology. Adjacent to the Extended Matrix tradition's argument for 3D source-based reasoning over flat-map analysis.

BibTeX

@article{Landeschi2019_gis3d,
  author    = {Landeschi, Giacomo},
  title     = {Rethinking GIS, three-dimensionality and space perception in archaeology},
  journal   = {World Archaeology},
  volume    = {51},
  number    = {1},
  pages     = {17--32},
  publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
  year      = {2019}
}

2018

3D Reconstructions: a critical reflection starting from the Roman Forum

Liverani, P.

Archaeology and Economy in the Ancient World

Critical reflection on 3D-reconstruction methodology grounded in the Roman Forum reconstructions — frequently cited alongside the Extended Matrix tradition for its insistence on source-based transparency.
BibTeX
```
@article{Liverani2018_romanForumReflection,
  author  = {Liverani, Paolo},
  title   = {3D Reconstructions: A Critical Reflection Starting from the Roman Forum},
  journal = {Archaeology and Economy in the Ancient World},
  year    = {2018}
}
```

Theses

PhD, master and bachelor theses where Extended Matrix is the methodological backbone.

2026 PhD

Il sistema degli antichi insediamenti sul Monte Nebo: progetto per un parco archeologico diffuso

Fabbri, S.

PhD thesis in progress on the ancient settlement system around Mount Nebo, with a distributed archaeological-park design grounded on Extended Matrix.
BibTeX
```
@phdthesis{Fabbri_monteNebo,
  author = {Fabbri, Sara},
  title  = {Il sistema degli antichi insediamenti sul Monte Nebo: progetto per un parco archeologico diffuso},
  note   = {In progress}
}
```
2026 PhD

Pushing for a 4D source-based understanding of archaeological data: a holistic, spatially and temporally applied approach

Gonzalez Esteban, C.

PhD thesis in progress — extension of the 2019 master line (La Alcudia Tepidarium) into a 4D source-based framework. Methodological backbone built on Extended Matrix's paradata model.
BibTeX
```
@phdthesis{GonzalezEsteban_4dSourceBased,
  author = {Gonzalez Esteban, Cristina},
  title  = {Pushing for a 4D source-based understanding of Archaeological Data: a holistic, spatially and temporally, and applied approach to the archiving and presentation of new and ``legendary'' archaeological data},
  note   = {In progress}
}
```
2026 PhD

Il paesaggio funerario nelle comunità fenicie e puniche: per una ricostruzione archeologica, paesaggistica e virtuale

Lancia, S.

PhD thesis in progress on the funerary landscape of Phoenician and Punic communities, integrating archaeological survey + virtual reconstruction methodology on Extended Matrix.
BibTeX
```
@phdthesis{Lancia_paesaggioFenicio,
  author = {Lancia, Sara},
  title  = {Il paesaggio funerario nelle comunit{\\`a} fenicie e puniche: per una ricostruzione archeologica, paesaggistica e virtuale},
  note   = {In progress}
}
```
2026 PhD

La reconstrucción virtual del sistema defensivo del Castillo de Doña Blanca: la arqueología virtual como método de investigación y difusión del patrimonio arqueológico

Sicre Gonzalez, P.

PhD thesis in progress on the defensive-system reconstruction of Castillo de Doña Blanca, framing virtual archaeology as both research method and dissemination tool. Extended Matrix as the documentation backbone.
BibTeX
```
@phdthesis{SicreGonzalez_donaBlanca,
  author = {Sicre Gonzalez, Pablo},
  title  = {La reconstrucci{\\'o}n virtual del sistema defensivo del Castillo de Do{\\~n}a Blanca: la arqueolog{\\'i}a virtual como m{\\'e}todo de investigaci{\\'o}n y difusi{\\'o}n del patrimonio arqueol{\\'o}gico},
  note   = {In progress}
}
```
2026 PhD

A holistic approach to 3D virtual analysis and 3D reconstruction model in archaeology: the temple complex in Tel Moẓa as a case study

Albag, R.

PhD thesis in progress on the holistic 3D virtual analysis + reconstruction of the Tel Moẓa temple complex (Israel), with Extended Matrix as the source-traceability layer.
BibTeX
```
@phdthesis{Albag_telMoza,
  author = {Albag, Roy},
  title  = {A holistic approach to 3D virtual analysis and 3D reconstruction model in archaeology: the temple complex in Tel Mo{\\d{z}}a as a case study},
  note   = {In progress}
}
```
2026 PhD

Sustainability and virtual reconstruction

Lombardi, M.

PhD thesis in progress at the intersection of sustainability and virtual reconstruction practice. Companion to the 2025 Funerary-Ara journal paper; Extended Matrix at the core of the methodological framework.
BibTeX
```
@phdthesis{Lombardi_sustainability,
  author = {Lombardi, Matteo},
  title  = {Sustainability and virtual reconstruction},
  note   = {In progress}
}
```
2023 Master

Una filosofia della ricostruzione: il contributo di Niccolò Stenone all'archeologia digitale

Rosito, E.

Master thesis on the epistemological foundations of digital reconstruction, drawing a line from Niccolò Stenone's 17th-century stratigraphy to Extended Matrix's formal language.
BibTeX
```
@mastersthesis{Rosito2023_stenone,
  author = {Rosito, Edoardo},
  title  = {Una filosofia della ricostruzione: il contributo di Niccol{\\`o} Stenone all'archeologia digitale},
  year   = {2023}
}
```
2023 Master

Proposal for the virtual reconstruction of the Iberian site 'El Cabeçó de Mariola', Alicante (Spain)

Garcia, F.; Garcia, A.; Mireia, P.

Master thesis (expected 2023) on the virtual reconstruction of the Iberian site El Cabeçó de Mariola, with Extended Matrix as the source-based reasoning backbone.
BibTeX
```
@mastersthesis{Garcia_cabecoMariola,
  author = {Garcia, Fernando and Garcia, Alvaro and Mireia, Pros},
  title  = {Proposal for the virtual reconstruction of the Iberian site 'El Cabe{\\c c}{\\'o} de Mariola', Alicante (Spain)},
  year   = {2023}
}
```
2023 Master

Un approccio innovativo di ricostruzione archeologica digitale

Biondi, G.

Master thesis exploring innovative digital reconstruction approaches with Extended Matrix as the methodological backbone.
BibTeX
```
@mastersthesis{Biondi2023_ricostruzioneDigitale,
  author = {Biondi, Giorgia},
  title  = {Un approccio innovativo di ricostruzione archeologica digitale},
  year   = {2023}
}
```
2023 Master

Virtual reconstruction of the bridge of Mantible, Spain

Larruza, U.

Master thesis on the virtual reconstruction of the medieval bridge of Mantible (La Rioja, Spain) — EM as the documentation backbone.
BibTeX
```
@mastersthesis{Larruza2023_mantibleBridge,
  author = {Larruza, Unai},
  title  = {Virtual reconstruction of the bridge of Mantible, Spain},
  year   = {2023}
}
```
2022 PhD

Rilievo, Ricostruzione e Rappresentazione tridimensionale in ambito archeologico. Fruizione e valorizzazione virtuale dell'area forense di Nora

Berto, S.

Università degli Studi di Padova

3D reconstruction of the Roman forum of Nora across two chronological periods (Period IV, 40/20 BC – 200/225 AD; Period V/A, 220/225 AD) using EM as the methodological backbone.
Open
BibTeX
```
@phdthesis{Berto2022_noraForum,
  author = {Berto, Simone},
  title  = {Rilievo, Ricostruzione e Rappresentazione tridimensionale in ambito archeologico. Fruizione e valorizzazione virtuale dell'area forense di Nora},
  school = {Universit{\\`a} degli Studi di Padova},
  year   = {2022},
  url    = {https://hdl.handle.net/11577/3460022}
}
```
2022 Master

Extended Matrix Narratives: informare e intrattenere col passato

Frigerio, P.

Università degli Studi di Padova

Master thesis exploring EM-driven narrative strategies — how Extended Matrix can be used not only to document but also to communicate the reconstructive record to a wider audience.
Open PDF
BibTeX
```
@mastersthesis{Frigerio_emNarratives,
  author = {Frigerio, Paola},
  title  = {Extended Matrix Narratives: informare e intrattenere col passato},
  school = {Universit{\\`a} degli Studi di Padova},
  year   = {2022}
}
```
2022 Master

Le mura tardoantiche di Aquileia: l'area dei fondi ex Pasqualis — dallo studio alla ricostruzione

Delbarba, N.

Master thesis on the late-antique walls of Aquileia (ex Pasqualis area), reconstructing the urban defensive system with Extended Matrix as the methodological framework.
BibTeX
```
@mastersthesis{Delbarba2022_aquileiaMura,
  author = {Delbarba, Nicola},
  title  = {Le mura tardoantiche di Aquileia: l'area dei fondi ex Pasqualis — dallo studio alla ricostruzione},
  year   = {2022}
}
```
2021 Master

Extended Matrix aplicada al anfiteatro romano de Cartagena

García López, J.S.

Application of the EM methodology to the Roman amphitheatre of Cartagena (Spain), tracking sources and analytical processes from scientific evidence to the virtual reconstruction.
BibTeX
```
@mastersthesis{GarciaLopez2021_cartagena,
  author = {Garc{\\'i}a L{\\'o}pez, Juan Sim{\\'o}n},
  title  = {Extended Matrix aplicada al anfiteatro romano de Cartagena},
  year   = {2021}
}
```
2021 Master

3D reconstruction and intervisibility analysis of the buildings in the pearling village of Fuwayrit, Qatar

Clementi, D.

Master thesis applying Extended Matrix to a Qatari pearling-village reconstruction with combined 3D modelling and intervisibility analysis.
BibTeX
```
@mastersthesis{Clementi2021_fuwayrit,
  author = {Clementi, Davide},
  title  = {3D reconstruction and intervisibility analysis of the buildings in the pearling village of Fuwayrit, Qatar},
  year   = {2021}
}
```
2019 Master

Internationalization methodological standardization of the virtual reconstruction in archaeology: case study of the Tepidarium of La Alcudia of Elche

Gonzalez Esteban, C.

Master thesis on standardising virtual-reconstruction methodology around Extended Matrix, with the Tepidarium of La Alcudia (Elche, Spain) as the case study. Later expanded into the 2021 Archeomatica article.
Open
BibTeX
```
@mastersthesis{GonzalezEsteban2019_alcudiaElche,
  author = {Gonzalez Esteban, Cristina},
  title  = {Internationalization methodological standardization of the virtual reconstruction in archaeology: case study of the Tepidarium of La Alcudia of Elche},
  year   = {2019},
  url    = {https://www.patrimoniovirtual.com/congreso-final-de-master-2019/}
}
```

Publications around Extended Matrix.

e-Archeo: a pilot national project to valorize Italian archaeological parks through digital and virtual reality technologies

The Virtual Reconstruction of the Cine-teatro Olympia in Catania for the Documentation and Memory of Places

Application of new technologies for the graphic and constructive analysis and dissemination of the archaeological heritage of Mérida, Spain

La 'fine' ed un nuovo inizio: il Metaverso in archeologia

Bridging Digital Approaches and Legacy in Archaeology

Prefazione — Una Quantum 2021

The Roman Villa of L'Albir (Alicante, Spain): The Use of Blender and the Extended Matrix in the Virtual Recreation

Combination of standardised methods to create a detailed source-based reconstruction of the Tepidarium at L'Alcudia de Elche, Alicante, Spain

Visualizing archaeologists: a reflexive history of visualization practice in archaeology

Virtual archaeology of death and burial: a procedure for integrating 3D visualization and analysis in archaeothanatology

Il rilievo tridimensionale applicato allo studio dei contesti archeologici di Nora

3D reconstruction and validation of historical background for immersive VR applications and games: the case study of the Forum of Augustus in Rome

3D model as a time machine

Rethinking GIS, three-dimensionality and space perception in archaeology

3D Reconstructions: a critical reflection starting from the Roman Forum

Il sistema degli antichi insediamenti sul Monte Nebo: progetto per un parco archeologico diffuso

Pushing for a 4D source-based understanding of archaeological data: a holistic, spatially and temporally applied approach

Il paesaggio funerario nelle comunità fenicie e puniche: per una ricostruzione archeologica, paesaggistica e virtuale

La reconstrucción virtual del sistema defensivo del Castillo de Doña Blanca: la arqueología virtual como método de investigación y difusión del patrimonio arqueológico

A holistic approach to 3D virtual analysis and 3D reconstruction model in archaeology: the temple complex in Tel Moẓa as a case study

Sustainability and virtual reconstruction

Una filosofia della ricostruzione: il contributo di Niccolò Stenone all'archeologia digitale

Proposal for the virtual reconstruction of the Iberian site 'El Cabeçó de Mariola', Alicante (Spain)

Un approccio innovativo di ricostruzione archeologica digitale

Virtual reconstruction of the bridge of Mantible, Spain

Le mura tardoantiche di Aquileia: l'area dei fondi ex Pasqualis — dallo studio alla ricostruzione

Extended Matrix aplicada al anfiteatro romano de Cartagena

3D reconstruction and intervisibility analysis of the buildings in the pearling village of Fuwayrit, Qatar